Neuroendocrine Disorders in Children – Chapter 7: Disorders of the Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Thyroid Axis (ebook)

Thyroid hormones play a critical role in brain development. One of the major successes of paediatric endocrinology has been the introduction of the newborn blood spot screening programme for congenital hypothyroidism (CHT). This has led to the virtual elimination of CHT with its attendant mental impairment in participating nations. The recognition that endemic cretinism can be easily alleviated by iodine supplementation has also changed the lives of many for the better. This chapter addresses various causes of thyroid hormone deficiency or lack of action, all of which have the potential to impair neurological development.

About the book

Impairments in the interaction between the central nervous system and the endocrine system can lead to a number of disorders in children. These include type 1 diabetes, growth disorders, adrenal thyroid and pituitary problems, Addison’s disease and Cushing syndrome, among others.

Neuroendocrine Disorders in Children provides a comprehensive examination of paediatric and adolescent disorders focusing on the basic science and its clinical relevance. Complex issues are discussed in an easy-to-follow manner and the latest developments in the area are reviewed.

Readership: paediatric endocrinologists, paediatric and adult neurologists and trainee paediatricians.

Read the full book review by Ieuan Hughes published in DMCN.

Tim Cheetham and Ramesh Srinivasan (Authors) Mehul Dattani (Editor)

Mehul Dattani leads paediatric and adolescent endocrinology at Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London. His research interests are in the area of growth, pituitary development and disorders of puberty. Professor Dattani has received a number of national and international awards for his research work. He is currently Chair of the Programme Organizing Committee of the European Society for Paediatric Endocrinology.

Peter Hindmarsh (Editor)

Peter Hindmarsh is Professor of Paediatric Endocrinology at University College London and Divisional Clinical Director at the University College London Hospitals. His research interests include mathematical modelling of feedback systems including growth hormone, cortisol and insulin. He served as Chair of the working party on diabetes whose work led to major improvements in paediatric diabetes care in the UK.

Lucinda Carr (Editor)

Lucinda Carr is Consultant Paediatric Neurologist at Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, working across the departments of neurology and neurodisability. She served as the clinical lead in neurology at the hospital from 2008 to 2013. Dr Carr's main research interest is in movement disorders and cerebral palsy and she was a member of the team that developed the NICE guidelines on the management of spasticity in children.

Iain C A F Robinson (Editor)

Iain Robinson was head of the Division of Molecular Neuroendocrinology at the Medical Research Council National Institute for Medical Research until retirement in 2009. A major focus of interest was the study of hypothalmo-pituitary defects that cause growth retardation in children. His is group pioneered microsampling techniques in experimental animals and neonates, as well as developing novel transgenic and imaging techniques.

Full book contents
FOREWORD xiv
PREFACE xvi
SECTION 1: THE GH-IGF1 AXIS AND THE BRAIN
1. NEUROENDOCRINE REGULATION OF GROWTH HORMONE
SECRETION 1
Peter C Hindmarsh and Iain CAF Robinson
2. DISORDERS OF THE HYPOTHALAMO-PITUITARY-SOMATOTROPH
AXIS LEADING TO GROWTH FAILURE 13
Kyriaki S Alatzoglou and Mehul T Dattani
3. THE EFFECT OF GROWTH HORMONE ON THE BRAIN 30
Fred Nyberg, Alfhild Grönbladh, Erika Brolin, Anna Jonsson,
Jenny Johansson and Mathias Hallberg
4. IMPACT OF DISORDERS OF THE GROWTH HORMONE–IGF-1
AXIS ON NEUROLOGICAL FUNCTION 42
Emma A Webb and Mehul T Dattani
5. NEUROENDOCRINE DISORDERS OF SALT AND WATER BALANCE 55
Joseph A Majzoub
SECTION 2: THE THYROID AXIS AND THE BRAIN
6. THE HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-THYROID AXIS: ANATOMY
AND PHYSIOLOGY 74
Mary-Jane Brassill, Apostolos I Gogakos, John G Logan,
Julian A Waung and Graham R Williams
7. DISORDERS OF THE HYPOTHALAMO-PITUITARY-THYROID AXIS 87
Tim Cheetham and Ramesh Srinivasan
8. IMPACT OF THYROID DISORDERS ON NEUROLOGICAL FUNCTION 104
Joanne F Rovet
SECTION 3: REGULATION OF APPETITE AND WEIGHT
9. THE ROLE OF THE HYPOTHALAMUS IN NORMAL WEIGHT
REGULATION 117
Simon M Luckman
10. GENETIC CHILDHOOD OBESITY SYNDROMES 131
I Sadaf Farooqi
11. TREATMENT OF OBESITY 142
Terry Segal and Bhavni Shah
SECTION 4: EFFECTS OF THE TREATMENT OF CANCER ON THE NEUROENDOCRINE SYSTEM
12. LATE EFFECTS OF CANCER AND ITS TREATMENTS ON THE NEUROENDOCRINE SYSTEM 167
Wassim Chemaitilly and Charles A Sklar
13. CRANIOPHARYNGIOMA 182
Hoong-Wei Gan, Juan Pedro Martinez-Barbera,
Helen A Spoudeas and Mehul T Dattani
SECTION 5: ADRENAL DISORDERS AND THE BRAIN
14. THE HYPOTHALAMO-PITUITARY-ADRENAL AXIS AND
ITS REGULATION 206
Elizabeth Baranowski, Tulay Guran and Nils Krone
15. THE EFFECT OF STRESS ON THE HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-
ADRENAL AXIS: AN UPDATE 218
Evangelia Charmandari and George P Chrousos
16. ADRENOLEUKODYSTROPHY: NEUROLOGICAL ASPECTS 234
Patrick Aubourg
17. CUSHING DISEASE: DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT 242
Helen L Storr and Martin O Savage
SECTION 6: NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY AND THE REPRODUCTIVE AXIS
18. THE HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-GONADAL AXIS 255
Pierre-Marc G Bouloux
Neuroendocrine Disorders

'I found the remarks on genetic childhood obesity syndromes, Kallmann syndrome, and on effects of stress on the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis particularly informative. This volume can be recommended as a valuable source of up-to-date information about physiology, pathophysiology, molecular biology, and novel genetic aspects.' Eugen Boltshauser, Neuropediatrics, November 2016

'The Clinics books are intended to be an in-depth, up-to-date study of a particular topic. This book fills the bill. Each chapter provides a review of a specific topic then presents the most current research with a view to clinical application. The forward by Mitchell E. Geffner says it best “a one-stop shop for brain-hypothalamic-pituitary hormonal physiology and pathophysiology”. In each section the interplay between genetics and neuroendrocrine systems are an essential component. The effects of endrocrine disorders on the brain are also discussed in detail... I learned what we should be looking for in children we suspect may have neuroendocrine disorders but I also gained an understanding of how this system drives us and our patients to homeostasis, or not and the far reaching consequences of errors in the system.' AACPDM eNewsletter, Winter 2016